The White House believes it has an ally in the bond markets to make the case that inflation isn't an economic threat.
Republican lawmakers have interpreted the jump in consumer and producer prices as a sign that inflation is spiking at levels that will hurt growth, and they say President Joe Biden's $1.9 trillion coronavirus relief package has overcooked the economy. But the financial markets appear to be backing Biden's case that any price increases are the fleeting result of the United States restarting after the lockdowns caused by the coronavirus pandemic.
Recommended Videos
The White House points to charts that dig into two key market-based measures of inflation and show no cause for alarm in the medium to long term. The charts look at the interest rate on the five-year U.S. Treasury note and a measure of expected inflation known as 5y5y, which looks forward five years to investors' five-year inflation expectations.
As of Monday, the 5y5y was trading at 2.28%, an indication that annual inflation will be close to the Federal Reserve's 2% target. The charts suggest that inflation expectations — despite the recent bump in prices — are within the realm of expectations over the past 15 years. They also show that market expectations of coming inflation have essentially been flat in recent months.
While the markets offer evidence that the recent bout of price increases could fade in a few months, there are conflicting signals for economists.
Demand for houses and other products has outpaced supply, a sign that inflation could be a problem. But there is also the possibility that the persistent demand could bring more supplies into the market. The uncertainty has been magnified for voters as Republican lawmakers say that inflation will devastate the economy and Democrats counter that rising prices are temporary.
Harvard University professor Jason Furman, who served as chief economist for the Obama White House, noted that there are arguments for and against rising inflation.
“The more I think about inflation the less sure I get of anything,” Furman said Monday on Twitter. He added that there is a wide range of possible outcomes and “policy decisions should explicitly recognize our uncertainty.”
Biden aides are optimistic that the market figures, along with household sentiment surveys, indicate that inflation will drift down. But they also are cautious in interpreting what's next because of the unprecedented nature of shuttering an economy due to COVID-19 and then reopening it with a total of roughly $6 trillion worth of aid, a sum that includes money approved during Donald Trump's presidency.
The Labor Department said last week that consumer prices rose at an annual pace of 5% in May as prices for used vehicles, airfare and gasoline surged. Producer prices — what businesses pay for goods and services — are up 6.6% from a year ago, the department said Tuesday. But market analysts anticipate that the forces driving inflation will lessen.
“The underlying causes of inflation are supply chain disruptions, labor shortages and emergency stimulus which is boosting demand,” said Bill Adams, an economist with PNC Financial Services. “All of these drivers of inflation will be less of an issue in the second half of the year.”
It's unclear whether the markets' relative calm reflects confidence that the Fed will raise interest rates should inflation remain elevated. Fed officials ended their June meeting on Wednesday with a median forecast suggesting inflation will be 3.4% this year and 2.1% next year. But that higher inflation this year comes with a median forecast of 7% economic growth, almost four times higher than the long-run estimate for growth.
The projections suggest that the Fed will not raise its benchmark short-term interest rate this year. But they do indicate plans by the Fed for two rate increase in 2023, after officials previously estimated none until 2024.
Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell of Kentucky has put the blame squarely on Biden for rising prices, arguing that government intervention has caused prices and wages to increase to a degree that will ultimately imperil the economy. It's a message with a clear eye to the 2022 midterm elections, when Biden's performance will be at the forefront of voters' minds.
“The latest data reinforce what too many Americans have been experiencing firsthand: The Biden administration’s partisan spending bill has blunted our nation’s economic recovery,” McConnell said last week on the Senate floor. “Higher prices at the gas pump and grocery store. A tougher time for small businesses trying to staff up."